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Hugin

2026 race · follow the money

Iowa U.S. House District 2

11 filings report $18M raised, and outside groups reported $2.6M in independent spending for or against them. Compare where each campaign's money came from and who spent to help or hurt it.

The count.

Checking the election sources…

Side by side.

Raised excludes transfers between a candidate's own committees. Shares are of that total. Filings appear in order of money raised; this includes primary candidates who are no longer running.

CandidateRaisedIndividualsPACsOwn moneySpentCashOutside forOutside against
Ashley Hinson ArenholzRepublican · Filed as incumbent$10M73%26%0%$14M$2.2M$272K—
Lindsay JamesDemocrat · Filed for an open seat$3.9M87%12%<0.1%$3.7M$266K$169K—
Joe MitchellRepublican · Filed for an open seat$2.8M76%20%4%$2.4M$546K$19K$2.2M
Clinton Gene Twedt-BallDemocrat · Filed for an open seat$585K99.5%0.3%0%$585K$0——
Rodney BlumRepublican · Filed for an open seat$250K<0.1%0%99.9%$3,544$247K——
Kevin W TechauDemocrat · Filed for an open seat$147K95%2%<0.1%$147K$0——
Shannon LundgrenRepublican · Filed for an open seat$92K76%14%10%$92K$0——
Kathryn J DolterDemocrat · Filed for an open seat$75K56%0.1%43%$73K$415——
Dave BushawIndependent · Filed for an open seat$38K78%13%6%$27K$11K——
Charlie McClintockRepublican · Filed for an open seat$18K60%0%40%$4,785$13K——
Guy MorganDemocrat · Filed for an open seat$4,83448%0%50%$3,214$1,620——

Who spent from outside.

The largest independent spenders in this race, summed from each candidate's five largest spenders on each side.

  • HMPHybrid PAC (super PAC account)All of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans$1.4M against Joe Mitchell · $105K for Lindsay James
  • AB PACHybrid PAC (super PAC account)All of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans$675K against Joe Mitchell
  • HIGH PLAINS PACSuper PACAll of its general-election spending helped Republicans or opposed Democrats$258K for Ashley Hinson Arenholz
  • END CITIZENS UNITEDPAC with no sponsoring organizationAll of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans$113K against Joe Mitchell
  • PROJECT 218Super PACSpent mainly in primaries$53K for Lindsay James
  • NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEEMembership group PAC · National Association Of RealtorsSpent mainly in primaries$15K for Ashley Hinson Arenholz
  • SENATE CONSERVATIVES ACTIONSuper PACSpent mainly in primaries$11K for Joe Mitchell
  • PROGRESSIVE TURNOUT PROJECTHybrid PAC (super PAC account)98% of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans$10K for Lindsay James
  • SENATE CONSERVATIVES FUNDHybrid PAC (super PAC account)Spent mainly in primaries$8,584 for Joe Mitchell
  • FIELD TEAM 6, INC.Super PAC99% of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans$1,070 for Lindsay James

Each campaign.

  • Sitting member of Congress · Ashley Hinson

    In the U.S. House (IA-2) since 2021 · current term ends Jan 3, 2027

    • Recorded yea or nay on 24 of the 24 key House floor votes captured in Hugin's snapshot
    • 3 committees: Appropriations, Ethics, Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party · 3 subcommittees
    • 233 committees reported contributions to them this cycle · 1 committee reported outside spending for or against them

    Linked to this filing by its exact FEC candidate ID (H0IA01174) in the congress-legislators roster of Oct 21, 2026. Votes are one key floor vote per bill on bills named in contractor lobbying reports (Oct 29, 2026); committee seats are the roster as of Oct 24, 2026; money counts are FEC reports for 2026 as of Oct 24, 2026. These are what Hugin's snapshots captured, not complete records, and none of them is a score or evidence of motive.

    Raised
    $10M
    Spent
    $14M
    Cash on hand
    $2.2M
    • Individuals 73% $7.5M
    • PACs & other committees 26% $2.7M
    • Party committees 0.6% $62K
    • Other receipts <0.1% $3,474

    Campaign totals through Oct 14, 2026. Excludes $3.9M moved between the candidate's own committees.

    Outside groups: $272K supporting · $0 opposing ($258K of it designated for the general election)

    Biggest spenders supporting

    1. HIGH PLAINS PACSuper PACAll of its general-election spending helped Republicans or opposed Democrats $258K
    2. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEEMembership group PAC · National Association Of RealtorsSpent mainly in primaries $15K

    Largest direct PAC contributions

    1. INDEPENDENT INSURANCE AGENTS & BROKERS OF AMERICA, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (INSURPAC)Trade association PAC · Independent Insurance Agents & Brokers Of America, Inc. $15K
    2. THE BOEING COMPANY PACCorporate PAC · The Boeing Company $14K
    3. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEETrade association PAC · National Electrical Contractors Association $13K

    Where the money went $5.3M in itemized spending

    These itemized payments cover $5.3M of the $14M the campaign reported spending through Oct 14, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jun 30, 2026.

    • Advertising & outreach 49% $2.6M
    • Consultants & strategy 3% $172K
    • Staff & payroll 11% $567K
    • Fundraising & processing fees 9% $448K
    • Polling, research & data 7% $382K
    • Travel, meals & events 13% $698K
    • Office, technology & overhead 2% $125K
    • Legal & compliance 3% $168K
    • Contributions, transfers & refunds 0.1% $5,038
    • Other or unclassified 3% $147K

    Largest payees

    1. VENTURA MEDIA PARTNERS $803K
    2. RED RIVER CO $510K
    3. MDI IMAGING & MAIL $419K
    4. FULFILLMENT SOLUTIONS $308K
    5. SOCKO STRATEGIES $230K

    Paid to individuals: $546K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Jan 1, 2025 to Jun 30, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (1,459 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $3.9M
    Spent
    $3.7M
    Cash on hand
    $266K
    • Individuals 87% $3.4M
    • PACs & other committees 12% $477K
    • Party committees 0.5% $18K
    • Candidate's own money & loans <0.1% $120
    • Other receipts <0.1% $1,534

    Campaign totals through Oct 14, 2026. Excludes $21K moved between the candidate's own committees.

    Outside groups: $169K supporting · $0 opposing ($116K of it designated for the general election)

    Biggest spenders supporting

    1. HMPHybrid PAC (super PAC account)All of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans $105K
    2. PROJECT 218Super PACSpent mainly in primaries $53K
    3. PROGRESSIVE TURNOUT PROJECTHybrid PAC (super PAC account)98% of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans $10K

    Largest direct PAC contributions

    1. SWING LEFTHybrid PAC (super PAC account) $12K
    2. ZINC COLLECTIVE PACHybrid PAC (super PAC account) $11K
    3. EMILYS LISTPAC with no sponsoring organization $10K

    Where the money went $869K in itemized spending

    These itemized payments cover $869K of the $3.7M the campaign reported spending through Oct 14, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jun 30, 2026.

    • Advertising & outreach 46% $403K
    • Consultants & strategy 5% $41K
    • Staff & payroll 26% $223K
    • Fundraising & processing fees 6% $54K
    • Polling, research & data 6% $53K
    • Travel, meals & events 3% $29K
    • Office, technology & overhead 2% $17K
    • Legal & compliance 2% $18K
    • Other or unclassified 4% $30K

    Largest payees

    1. BLUEWEST MEDIA $180K
    2. GPS IMPACT $90K
    3. JM2 $88K
    4. FUTURE SYSTEMS $61K
    5. ACTBLUE $32K

    Paid to individuals: $222K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Aug 9, 2025 to Jun 30, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (406 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $2.8M
    Spent
    $2.4M
    Cash on hand
    $546K
    Debts
    $50K
    • Individuals 76% $2.1M
    • PACs & other committees 20% $573K
    • Party committees 0.2% $7,000
    • Candidate's own money & loans 4% $100K
    • Other receipts 0.4% $12K

    Campaign totals through Oct 14, 2026. Excludes $76K moved between the candidate's own committees.

    Outside groups: $19K supporting · $2.2M opposing ($2.2M of it designated for the general election)

    Biggest spenders supporting

    1. SENATE CONSERVATIVES ACTIONSuper PACSpent mainly in primaries $11K
    2. SENATE CONSERVATIVES FUNDHybrid PAC (super PAC account)Spent mainly in primaries $8,584

    Biggest spenders opposing

    1. HMPHybrid PAC (super PAC account)All of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans $1.4M
    2. AB PACHybrid PAC (super PAC account)All of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans $675K
    3. END CITIZENS UNITEDPAC with no sponsoring organizationAll of its general-election spending helped Democrats or opposed Republicans $113K

    Largest direct PAC contributions

    1. BUILD POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS (BUILDPAC)Trade association PAC · National Association Of Home Builders $10K
    2. ASSOCIATED BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS, INC. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (ABC PAC)Trade association PAC $10K
    3. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEETrade association PAC · National Electrical Contractors Association $10K

    Where the money went $929K in itemized spending

    These itemized payments cover $929K of the $2.4M the campaign reported spending through Oct 14, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jun 30, 2026.

    • Advertising & outreach 47% $435K
    • Consultants & strategy 14% $127K
    • Fundraising & processing fees 16% $151K
    • Polling, research & data 1% $12K
    • Travel, meals & events 15% $140K
    • Office, technology & overhead 2% $13K
    • Legal & compliance 3% $28K
    • Other or unclassified 3% $23K

    Largest payees

    1. IMPERATOR LLC $160K
    2. THE MAR-A-LAGO CLUB $90K
    3. FP1 DIGITAL, LLC $75K
    4. GEN2 SOLUTIONS, LLC $68K
    5. ALLI B STRATEGIES $46K

    Paid to individuals: $90K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Sep 15, 2025 to Jun 30, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (523 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $585K
    Spent
    $585K
    Cash on hand
    $0
    • Individuals 99.5% $582K
    • PACs & other committees 0.3% $2,000
    • Party committees <0.1% $100
    • Other receipts 0.1% $690

    Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026.

    No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.

    Largest direct PAC contributions

    1. RESIST RECLAIM REBUILD PACPAC with no sponsoring organization $2,000

    Where the money went $544K in itemized spending

    • Advertising & outreach 31% $167K
    • Consultants & strategy 9% $47K
    • Staff & payroll 27% $149K
    • Fundraising & processing fees 17% $94K
    • Travel, meals & events 3% $14K
    • Office, technology & overhead 6% $34K
    • Legal & compliance 7% $37K
    • Contributions, transfers & refunds 0.2% $950

    Largest payees

    1. GUSTO $150K
    2. THEMATIC CAMPAIGNS $140K
    3. MANDATE MEDIA $68K
    4. MAS STRATEGY GROUP LLC $58K
    5. BEE COMPLIANCE LLC $37K

    Paid to individuals: $20K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Jul 27, 2025 to Jun 29, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (262 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $250K
    Spent
    $3,544
    Cash on hand
    $247K
    Debts
    $1,965
    • Individuals <0.1% $181
    • Candidate's own money & loans 99.9% $250K
    • Other receipts <0.1% $15

    Campaign totals through Dec 31, 2025.

    No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.

    Where the money went $3,500 in itemized spending

    • Legal & compliance 100% $3,500

    Paid to individuals: $3,500, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Oct 27, 2025 to Oct 27, 2025, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (1 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $147K
    Spent
    $147K
    Cash on hand
    $0
    • Individuals 95% $140K
    • PACs & other committees 2% $2,500
    • Party committees <0.1% $50
    • Candidate's own money & loans <0.1% $123
    • Other receipts 3% $4,320

    Campaign totals through Jul 13, 2026.

    No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.

    Largest direct PAC contributions

    1. THERESA GREENFIELD FOR IOWACandidate committee $2,000
    2. THE MAJORITY RULESPAC with no sponsoring organization $500

    Where the money went $92K in itemized spending

    These itemized payments cover $92K of the $147K the campaign reported spending through Jul 13, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jul 12, 2026.

    • Advertising & outreach 5% $4,692
    • Consultants & strategy 24% $22K
    • Staff & payroll 28% $26K
    • Fundraising & processing fees 8% $7,466
    • Polling, research & data 0.7% $618
    • Travel, meals & events 0.6% $546
    • Office, technology & overhead 5% $4,333
    • Legal & compliance 10% $9,160
    • Contributions, transfers & refunds 0.5% $500
    • Other or unclassified 19% $17K

    Largest payees

    1. SB DIGITAL, INC. $21K
    2. JENNIFER FIIHR CONSULTING $9,160
    3. FUTURE SYSTEMS, INC. $8,320
    4. ACTBLUE $2,466
    5. ACUITY INSURANCE $1,734

    Paid to individuals: $46K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Apr 18, 2025 to Jul 12, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (89 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $92K
    Spent
    $92K
    Cash on hand
    $0
    • Individuals 76% $70K
    • PACs & other committees 14% $13K
    • Candidate's own money & loans 10% $9,550

    Campaign totals through Mar 25, 2026.

    No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.

    Largest direct PAC contributions

    1. VALUE IN ELECTING WOMEN POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEEHybrid PAC (super PAC account) $5,000
    2. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANIES PACTrade association PAC · National Association Of Mutual Insurance Companies $1,000

    Where the money went $83K in itemized spending

    • Advertising & outreach 2% $1,909
    • Consultants & strategy 41% $35K
    • Fundraising & processing fees 2% $1,273
    • Polling, research & data 15% $12K
    • Travel, meals & events 16% $13K
    • Office, technology & overhead 2% $1,735
    • Legal & compliance 22% $18K

    Largest payees

    1. LW GILLIS & CO $13K
    2. RIGHTSIDE COMPLIANCE $11K
    3. FULCRUM INTEL $11K
    4. DICKINSON WRIGHT $7,212
    5. CMDI $1,600

    Paid to individuals: $35K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Oct 6, 2025 to Mar 23, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (62 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $75K
    Spent
    $73K
    Cash on hand
    $415
    Debts
    $2,800
    • Individuals 56% $42K
    • PACs & other committees 0.1% $97
    • Party committees 0.1% $100
    • Candidate's own money & loans 43% $32K

    Campaign totals through Jun 12, 2026.

    No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.

    Where the money went $71K in itemized spending

    • Advertising & outreach 48% $34K
    • Consultants & strategy 9% $6,000
    • Staff & payroll 14% $10K
    • Fundraising & processing fees 2% $1,563
    • Polling, research & data 7% $5,000
    • Travel, meals & events 8% $5,681
    • Office, technology & overhead 8% $5,413
    • Legal & compliance 4% $2,981

    Largest payees

    1. LAMAR ADVERTISING DUBUQUE $11K
    2. FEDERAL: IOWA DEMOCRATIC PARTY $5,000
    3. MCDILL $4,700
    4. ADCRAFT PRINTING $3,821
    5. INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS: POLITICAL $2,932

    Paid to individuals: $29K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Jul 22, 2025 to Jun 2, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (108 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $38K
    Spent
    $27K
    Cash on hand
    $11K
    Debts
    $5,255
    • Individuals 78% $30K
    • PACs & other committees 13% $5,000
    • Candidate's own money & loans 6% $2,255
    • Other receipts 3% $1,238

    Campaign totals through Oct 14, 2026.

    No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.

    Largest direct PAC contributions

    1. FORWARD PARTYHybrid PAC (super PAC account) $5,000
    2. MELTON FOR IOWACandidate committee $102

    Where the money went $15K in itemized spending

    These itemized payments cover $15K of the $27K the campaign reported spending through Oct 14, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Oct 14, 2026.

    • Advertising & outreach 24% $3,510
    • Fundraising & processing fees 3% $449
    • Polling, research & data 2% $265
    • Travel, meals & events 13% $1,894
    • Office, technology & overhead 27% $3,957
    • Legal & compliance 24% $3,525
    • Other or unclassified 8% $1,100

    Largest payees

    1. NATIONBUILDER $3,750
    2. BISON STRATEGIES $3,525
    3. DICKEY'S PRINTING $2,401
    4. AMERICAN AIRLINES $1,494
    5. SHAESEV STRATEGIES $1,000

    Payments dated Nov 1, 2025 to Oct 14, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (50 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $18K
    Spent
    $4,785
    Cash on hand
    $13K
    Debts
    $13K
    • Individuals 60% $11K
    • Candidate's own money & loans 40% $7,000

    Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026.

    No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.

    Largest direct PAC contributions

    1. SYNGENTA CORPORATION EMPLOYEE POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEECorporate PAC $500

    Where the money went $4,629 in itemized spending

    • Fundraising & processing fees 3% $131
    • Other or unclassified 97% $4,498

    Largest payees

    1. AMERICAN EXPRESS $3,580
    2. WINRED TECHNICAL SERVICES LLC $131

    Paid to individuals: $918, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Oct 1, 2025 to Jun 30, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (21 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

  • Raised
    $4,834
    Spent
    $3,214
    Cash on hand
    $1,620
    • Individuals 48% $2,322
    • Party committees 2% $100
    • Candidate's own money & loans 50% $2,413

    Campaign totals through Mar 31, 2026.

    No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.

    Where the money went $2,791 in itemized spending

    These itemized payments cover $2,791 of the $3,214 the campaign reported spending through Mar 31, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Dec 31, 2025.

    • Advertising & outreach 19% $538
    • Polling, research & data 10% $266
    • Travel, meals & events 71% $1,987

    Largest payees

    1. CARTER PRINTING $309
    2. TEXTLA $229

    Paid to individuals: $2,253, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.

    Payments dated Sep 30, 2025 to Dec 31, 2025, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (5 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗

    Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.

Also registered for this seat, with no campaign summary or outside spending in the bulk file: Donald K. Primus.

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FEC bulk data read November 4, 2026. Campaign totals come from each filing's own FEC summary through its latest processed report. Outside spending is independent expenditures itemized in committee reports in the FEC bulk files, primaries included; late 24- and 48-hour reports, party coordinated spending, communication costs and groups that do not report to the FEC are not included. Outside spending is, by law, made without coordinating with the candidate, and it is not the candidate's money. A contribution or expenditure is not evidence of a vote, favor or wrongdoing.