2026 race · follow the money
Minnesota U.S. Senate
13 filings report $38M raised, and outside groups reported $20M in independent spending for or against them. Compare where each campaign's money came from and who spent to help or hurt it.
The count.
Checking the election sources…
Side by side.
Raised excludes transfers between a candidate's own committees. Shares are of that total. Filings appear in order of money raised; this includes primary candidates who are no longer running.
| Candidate | Raised | Individuals | PACs | Own money | Spent | Cash | Outside for | Outside against |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angie CraigDemocrat · Filed for an open seat | $12M | 90% | 7% | 3% | $13M | $148K | $9.2M | $2.0M |
| Michele TafoyaRepublican · Filed for an open seat | $11M | 96% | 3% | <0.1% | $9.7M | $2.8M | $20K | $444K |
| Margaret FlanaganDemocratic-Farmer-Labor · Filed for an open seat | $11M | 95% | 5% | <0.1% | $11M | $993K | $272K | $7.4M |
| Adam SchwarzeRepublican · Filed for an open seat | $1.4M | 92% | 4% | 3% | $1.5M | $7,717 | $233K | — |
| Royce WhiteRepublican · Filed for an open seat | $735K | 91% | <0.1% | 0% | $846K | $28K | — | — |
| Melisa Lopez FranzenDemocrat · Filed for an open seat | $299K | 64% | 2% | 33% | $299K | $0 | — | — |
| Tom WeilerRepublican · Filed for an open seat | $221K | 18% | 0% | 82% | $135K | $88K | — | — |
| David W HannRepublican · Filed for an open seat | $133K | 99.8% | 0% | 0% | $133K | $0 | — | — |
| Mark YorkRepublican · Filed for an open seat | $75K | 92% | 0% | 8% | $74K | $863 | — | — |
| Tina SmithDemocrat · Filed as incumbent | $49K | 31% | 47% | 0% | $658K | $119K | — | — |
| Rebecca WhitingLibertarian · Filed for an open seat | $3,756 | 73% | 0% | 0% | $1,828 | $1,928 | — | — |
| Raymond David PetersenRepublican · Filed for an open seat | $973 | 0% | 0% | 100% | $973 | $0 | — | — |
| Mike RuohoRepublican · Filed for an open seat | $0 | — | — | — | $550 | $-136 | — | — |
Who spent from outside.
The largest independent spenders in this race, summed from each candidate's five largest spenders on each side.
- NORTH STAR DAWN PAC$7.6M for Angie Craig · $6.0M against Margaret Flanagan · $200K for Margaret Flanagan
- DLGA$1.9M against Angie Craig
- CENTER FORWARD COMMITTEE$1.2M for Angie Craig
- UNITE TO WIN$1.0M against Margaret Flanagan
- SHEEPDOG PAC$444K against Michele Tafoya · $233K for Adam Schwarze
- MINNESOTA FORWARD$399K against Margaret Flanagan · $20K for Michele Tafoya
- MINNESOTANS FOR PROGRESS PAC$356K for Angie Craig
- CLEAR VOICE MINNESOTA$98K against Angie Craig · $19K for Margaret Flanagan
- INDIVISIBLE ACTION$34K for Margaret Flanagan
- BLUE MAJORITY PROJECT$25K for Angie Craig
Each campaign.
Sitting member of Congress · Angie Craig
In the U.S. House (MN-2) since 2019 · current term ends Jan 3, 2027
- Recorded yea or nay on 24 of the 24 key House floor votes captured in Hugin's snapshot
- 1 committee: Agriculture (Ranking Member)
- 346 committees reported contributions to them this cycle · 14 committees reported outside spending for or against them
Linked to this filing by its exact FEC candidate ID (S6MN00499) in the congress-legislators roster of Oct 21, 2026. Votes are one key floor vote per bill on bills named in contractor lobbying reports (Oct 29, 2026); committee seats are the roster as of Oct 24, 2026; money counts are FEC reports for 2026 as of Oct 24, 2026. These are what Hugin's snapshots captured, not complete records, and none of them is a score or evidence of motive.
- Raised
- $12M
- Spent
- $13M
- Cash on hand
- $148K
- Debts
- $16K
- Individuals 90% $11M
- PACs & other committees 7% $811K
- Party committees <0.1% $825
- Candidate's own money & loans 3% $373K
- Other receipts 0.7% $85K
Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026. Excludes $1.1M moved between the candidate's own committees.
Outside groups: $9.2M supporting · $2.0M opposing
Biggest spenders supporting
- NORTH STAR DAWN PAC $7.6M
- CENTER FORWARD COMMITTEE $1.2M
- MINNESOTANS FOR PROGRESS PAC $356K
Biggest spenders opposing
Largest direct PAC contributions
Where the money went $9.0M in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $9.0M of the $13M the campaign reported spending through Sep 30, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jul 22, 2026.
- Advertising & outreach 45% $4.1M
- Consultants & strategy 4% $355K
- Staff & payroll 24% $2.2M
- Fundraising & processing fees 13% $1.1M
- Polling, research & data 6% $499K
- Travel, meals & events 2% $139K
- Office, technology & overhead 4% $352K
- Legal & compliance 1% $123K
- Contributions, transfers & refunds <0.1% $1,849
- Other or unclassified 1% $126K
Largest payees
- GUSTO $2.1M
- LIFTOFF CAMPAIGNS $1.6M
- GMMB $1.5M
- GAMBIT STRATEGIES LLC $758K
- FDM CONNECTS LLC $446K
Paid to individuals: $220K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Apr 29, 2025 to Jul 22, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (1,587 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $11M
- Spent
- $9.7M
- Cash on hand
- $2.8M
- Debts
- $442K
- Individuals 96% $11M
- PACs & other committees 3% $334K
- Party committees 0.5% $62K
- Candidate's own money & loans <0.1% $7,878
- Other receipts <0.1% $3,895
Campaign totals through Oct 14, 2026. Excludes $1.0M moved between the candidate's own committees.
Outside groups: $20K supporting · $444K opposing
Biggest spenders supporting
- MINNESOTA FORWARD $20K
Biggest spenders opposing
- SHEEPDOG PAC $444K
Largest direct PAC contributions
Where the money went $3.9M in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $3.9M of the $9.7M the campaign reported spending through Oct 14, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jul 22, 2026.
- Advertising & outreach 88% $3.4M
- Consultants & strategy 2% $85K
- Staff & payroll 0.5% $21K
- Fundraising & processing fees 5% $189K
- Polling, research & data 1% $42K
- Travel, meals & events 2% $62K
- Office, technology & overhead 0.6% $23K
- Legal & compliance 0.6% $22K
- Other or unclassified 0.3% $11K
Largest payees
- TARGETED VICTORY LLC $1.9M
- MDI IMAGING AND MAIL $562K
- GEN2 SOLUTIONS LLC $315K
- FP1 STRATEGIES LLC $124K
- WINRED TECHNICAL SERVICES LLC $110K
Paid to individuals: $89K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Jan 21, 2026 to Jul 22, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (572 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $11M
- Spent
- $11M
- Cash on hand
- $993K
- Individuals 95% $11M
- PACs & other committees 5% $536K
- Party committees <0.1% $1,000
- Candidate's own money & loans <0.1% $7,000
- Other receipts 0.6% $63K
Campaign totals through Oct 14, 2026. Excludes $328K moved between the candidate's own committees.
Outside groups: $272K supporting · $7.4M opposing ($399K of it designated for the general election)
Biggest spenders supporting
- NORTH STAR DAWN PAC $200K
- INDIVISIBLE ACTION $34K
- CLEAR VOICE MINNESOTA $19K
Biggest spenders opposing
- NORTH STAR DAWN PAC $6.0M
- UNITE TO WIN $1.0M
- MINNESOTA FORWARD $399K
Largest direct PAC contributions
Where the money went $5.4M in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $5.4M of the $11M the campaign reported spending through Oct 14, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jul 22, 2026.
- Advertising & outreach 17% $929K
- Consultants & strategy 13% $683K
- Staff & payroll 21% $1.1M
- Fundraising & processing fees 38% $2.0M
- Polling, research & data 3% $171K
- Travel, meals & events 3% $167K
- Office, technology & overhead 2% $109K
- Legal & compliance 3% $135K
- Contributions, transfers & refunds 0.1% $3,325
- Other or unclassified 0.6% $32K
Largest payees
- AUTHENTIC $1.7M
- GUSTO $1.1M
- CANAL PARTNERS MEDIA $434K
- WAVELENGTH STRATEGY $318K
- ACTBLUE $219K
Paid to individuals: $197K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Feb 24, 2025 to Jul 22, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (1,260 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $1.4M
- Spent
- $1.5M
- Cash on hand
- $7,717
- Debts
- $40K
- Individuals 92% $1.3M
- PACs & other committees 4% $59K
- Party committees 0.2% $2,500
- Candidate's own money & loans 3% $40K
- Other receipts 1% $19K
Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026. Excludes $78K moved between the candidate's own committees.
Outside groups: $233K supporting · $0 opposing
Biggest spenders supporting
- SHEEPDOG PAC $233K
Largest direct PAC contributions
Where the money went $1.3M in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $1.3M of the $1.5M the campaign reported spending through Sep 30, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Sep 30, 2026.
- Advertising & outreach 21% $270K
- Consultants & strategy 20% $259K
- Fundraising & processing fees 34% $436K
- Polling, research & data 2% $19K
- Travel, meals & events 10% $129K
- Office, technology & overhead 4% $57K
- Legal & compliance 5% $60K
- Other or unclassified 5% $63K
Largest payees
- WINRED TECHNICAL SERVICES, LLC $216K
- CHADWICK LLC $85K
- CAMPAIGN SOLUTIONS $82K
- RED CORNER CONSULTING LLC $57K
- 327 CONSULTING $52K
Paid to individuals: $263K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Mar 6, 2025 to Sep 30, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (971 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $735K
- Spent
- $846K
- Cash on hand
- $28K
- Debts
- $75
- Individuals 91% $672K
- PACs & other committees <0.1% $25
- Other receipts 9% $63K
Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
Where the money went $669K in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $669K of the $846K the campaign reported spending through Sep 30, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jul 22, 2026.
- Advertising & outreach 21% $137K
- Consultants & strategy 7% $47K
- Fundraising & processing fees 30% $202K
- Polling, research & data 2% $15K
- Travel, meals & events 13% $88K
- Office, technology & overhead 14% $94K
- Legal & compliance 9% $59K
- Other or unclassified 4% $27K
Largest payees
- WINRED TECHNICAL SERVICES LLC $201K
- SAME DAY PROCESSING $55K
- CLEARVIEW STUDIOS $28K
- HENRY EMBROIDERY $24K
- STUDIO UPGRADE $21K
Paid to individuals: $65K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Jan 2, 2025 to Jul 22, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (890 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $299K
- Spent
- $299K
- Cash on hand
- $0
- Individuals 64% $191K
- PACs & other committees 2% $5,000
- Candidate's own money & loans 33% $100K
- Other receipts 1% $3,237
Campaign totals through Jul 15, 2025.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
Largest direct PAC contributions
- THE MAJORITY RULES $5,000
Where the money went $284K in itemized spending
- Advertising & outreach 22% $63K
- Consultants & strategy 22% $61K
- Staff & payroll 11% $31K
- Fundraising & processing fees 19% $53K
- Polling, research & data 4% $10K
- Travel, meals & events 1% $2,697
- Office, technology & overhead 6% $18K
- Legal & compliance 9% $25K
- Other or unclassified 7% $19K
Largest payees
- BLUE WAVE POLITICAL PARTNERS, LLC $109K
- GUSTO $31K
- DAVID BROWNE MEDIA $28K
- CONEXION POLITICAL LLC $17K
- FOUR LIONS MEDIA $16K
Paid to individuals: $26K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Mar 10, 2025 to Jul 14, 2025, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (79 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $221K
- Spent
- $135K
- Cash on hand
- $88K
- Debts
- $201K
- Individuals 18% $40K
- Candidate's own money & loans 82% $181K
Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
Where the money went $69K in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $69K of the $135K the campaign reported spending through Sep 30, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jul 22, 2026.
- Advertising & outreach 39% $27K
- Consultants & strategy 23% $16K
- Fundraising & processing fees 10% $7,188
- Travel, meals & events 4% $2,420
- Office, technology & overhead 3% $2,129
- Legal & compliance 6% $4,300
- Contributions, transfers & refunds 7% $5,000
- Other or unclassified 8% $5,403
Largest payees
- JLK STRATEGIES LLC $13K
- COLD SPARK $10K
- IHEART MEDIA $7,965
- OXSOME WEB SERVICES $6,025
- REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MINNESOTA $5,000
Paid to individuals: $15K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Sep 30, 2025 to Jul 22, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (45 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $133K
- Spent
- $133K
- Cash on hand
- $0
- Debts
- $7,315
- Individuals 99.8% $133K
- Other receipts 0.1% $179
Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
Where the money went $119K in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $119K of the $133K the campaign reported spending through Sep 30, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Apr 28, 2026.
- Advertising & outreach 30% $35K
- Consultants & strategy 34% $41K
- Fundraising & processing fees 23% $28K
- Travel, meals & events 5% $6,042
- Office, technology & overhead 0.1% $75
- Legal & compliance 8% $9,234
Largest payees
- RISING TIDE MEDIA GROUP LLC $36K
- THE POLITICAL COMPANY $20K
- EQUES ADVISORY GROUP LLC $16K
- GO BIG MEDIA LLC $13K
- RED CURVE SOLUTIONS LLC $12K
Paid to individuals: $5,431, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Dec 23, 2025 to Apr 28, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (123 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $75K
- Spent
- $74K
- Cash on hand
- $863
- Debts
- $50K
- Individuals 92% $69K
- Candidate's own money & loans 8% $6,000
Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
Where the money went $69K in itemized spending
- Advertising & outreach 23% $16K
- Consultants & strategy 15% $10K
- Fundraising & processing fees 2% $1,246
- Travel, meals & events 30% $21K
- Office, technology & overhead 8% $5,450
- Legal & compliance 9% $6,000
- Other or unclassified 13% $9,193
Largest payees
- BALLOT BOX STRATEGIES $44K
- REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MINNESOTA $6,075
- TWIN ARROWS, LLC $6,000
- SPECTRUM MARKETING $3,019
- DULUTH ENTERTAINMENT CONVENTION CENTER $1,605
Paid to individuals: $6,850, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Jan 22, 2026 to Jun 22, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (110 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
Sitting member of Congress · Tina Smith
In the U.S. Senate (MN) since 2018 · current term ends Jan 3, 2027
- Recorded yea or nay on 15 of the 16 key Senate floor votes captured in Hugin's snapshot
- 4 committees: Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Finance, Indian Affairs · 9 subcommittees
- 2 committees reported contributions to them this cycle
Linked to this filing by its exact FEC candidate ID (S8MN00578) in the congress-legislators roster of Oct 21, 2026. Votes are one key floor vote per bill on bills named in contractor lobbying reports (Oct 29, 2026); committee seats are the roster as of Oct 24, 2026; money counts are FEC reports for 2026 as of Oct 24, 2026. These are what Hugin's snapshots captured, not complete records, and none of them is a score or evidence of motive.
- Raised
- $49K
- Spent
- $658K
- Cash on hand
- $119K
- Individuals 31% $15K
- PACs & other committees 47% $23K
- Other receipts 22% $11K
Campaign totals through Sep 30, 2026.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
Largest direct PAC contributions
Where the money went $390K in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $390K of the $658K the campaign reported spending through Sep 30, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jun 28, 2026.
- Advertising & outreach 19% $74K
- Consultants & strategy 36% $140K
- Fundraising & processing fees 8% $30K
- Polling, research & data 6% $24K
- Travel, meals & events 0.5% $2,029
- Office, technology & overhead 8% $30K
- Legal & compliance 18% $70K
- Other or unclassified 5% $19K
Largest payees
- GRASSROOTS SOLUTIONS $68K
- CAMPAIGN COMPLIANCE LLC $54K
- AUTHENTIC CAMPAIGNS $52K
- PETERSEN GROUP $51K
- NGP VAN, INC. $24K
Paid to individuals: $28K, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Jan 2, 2025 to Jun 28, 2026, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (277 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $3,756
- Spent
- $1,828
- Cash on hand
- $1,928
- Individuals 73% $2,756
- Party committees 27% $1,000
Campaign totals through Oct 14, 2026.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
No itemized operating expenditures from this candidate's principal campaign committee are in the FEC bulk file yet.
- Raised
- $973
- Spent
- $973
- Cash on hand
- $0
- Candidate's own money & loans 100% $973
Campaign totals through May 10, 2026.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
Where the money went $537 in itemized spending
These itemized payments cover $537 of the $973 the campaign reported spending through May 10, 2026. The FEC has not yet itemized the rest in its bulk file, which runs to Jul 6, 2025.
- Advertising & outreach 4% $20
- Legal & compliance 96% $517
Paid to individuals: $537, such as staff, contractors and reimbursements. People who were paid are not named here.
Payments dated Jan 2, 2025 to Jul 6, 2025, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (3 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
- Raised
- $0
- Spent
- $550
- Cash on hand
- $-136
Campaign totals through Mar 31, 2025.
No independent expenditures for or against this filing are itemized in the bulk file.
Where the money went $550 in itemized spending
- Advertising & outreach 73% $400
- Office, technology & overhead 27% $150
Largest payees
- MIKE RUOHO FOR SENATE $550
Payments dated Feb 14, 2025 to Mar 27, 2025, as itemized by the principal campaign committee in FEC reports (2 entries). Every payment on FEC.gov ↗
Grouped by each campaign's own description of the payment, so the groups are approximate. Payments of $200 or less to one payee need not be itemized, detail filed only as memo entries counts under other or unclassified, and spending by the candidate's other committees or by outside groups is not included. A payment is not evidence of a favor or wrongdoing.
Also registered for this seat, with no campaign summary or outside spending in the bulk file: Billy Nord, Marisa Simonetti, Alycia Gruenhagen, Christopher Jarred Brooks, Edward Harold Tambornino, Gavin Solomon.
Use this race.
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FEC bulk data read November 4, 2026. Campaign totals come from each filing's own FEC summary through its latest processed report. Outside spending is independent expenditures itemized in committee reports in the FEC bulk files, primaries included; late 24- and 48-hour reports, party coordinated spending, communication costs and groups that do not report to the FEC are not included. Outside spending is, by law, made without coordinating with the candidate, and it is not the candidate's money. A contribution or expenditure is not evidence of a vote, favor or wrongdoing.
